(iii) Male clients of female sex workers / prostitutes

Note: References above on sex work or prostitution also include material on male clients.

 

Agnich, L. E. (2007). Masculinities and Sexual Violence among a Sample of Clients of Street Prostitutes. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.  

Averdijk, M., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2020). Longitudinal Risk Factors of Selling and Buying Sexual Services Among Youths in Switzerland. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1279-1290. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01571-3

Bailey, Jacquelynne. (2002). Conversations in a Brothel: Men Tell Why They Do It. Sydney: Hodder.

Barrington, C., C. Latkin, M.D. Sweat, L. Moreno, J. Ellen, and D. Kerrigan. (2009). Talking the talk, walking the walk: social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Social Science & Medicine 68 (11): 2037-2044.

Beckham, Kelly and Ariane Prohaska. (2012). Cybersex and Men who Kill: An Analysis of Deviant Men, Prostitution, and the Internet. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 7(2). Published online at http: //www.sascv.org/ijcjs/.

Belza, M. J., de la Fuente, L., Suárez, M., Vallejo, F., García, M., López, M., . . . Group, S. B. S. (2008). Men who pay for sex in Spain and condom use: prevalence and correlates in a representative sample of the general population. Sexually transmitted infections, 84(3), 207-211.

Bender, Kimberly, and Rich Furman. (2004). The Implications of Sex Tourism on Men’s Social, Psychological, and Physical Health. The Qualitative Report, Volume 9 Number 2, June, pp. 176-191.

Bernstein, E. (2001) The Meaning of the Purchase: Desire, Demand and the Commerce of Sex. Ethnography, 2: 389–420.

Bernstein, E. (2007). Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity and the Commerce of Sex. Chicago University Press.

Birch, P., & Ireland, J. (2015). Men procuring sexual services from women: everyman or peculiar man?. Journal of Forensic Practice, 17(1), 13-20.

Birch, P., Baldry, E., & Hartley, V. H. (2017). Procuring Sexual Services: Evidencing Masculinity Diversity and Difference through Sex Work Research. Sexuality & Culture, 21(4), 1106-1119.

Birch, P., Baldry, E., & Hartley, V. H. (2017). Procuring sexual services: Evidencing masculinity diversity and difference through sex work research. Sexuality & Culture, 21(4), 1106-1119.

Birch, Phillip. (2015). Why Men Buy Sex: Examining sex worker clients. Routledge.

Bishop, S., & Limmer, M. (2018). Performance, Power and Condom Use: Reconceptualised Masculinities Amongst Western Male Sex Tourists to Thailand. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(3), 276-288.

Bouche, V., & Crotty, S. M. (2018). Estimating demand for illicit massage businesses in Houston, Texas. Journal of Human Trafficking, 4(4), 279-297.

Brennan, D. (2004). Women Work, Men Sponge, and Everyone Gossips: Macho Men and Stigmatized/ing Women in a Sex Tourist Town. Anthropological Quarterly, 77(4): 705.

Brewster, Zachary W. (2003). Behavioral and Interactional Patterns of Strip Club Patrons: Tipping Techniques and Club Attendance. Deviant Behavior, 24, 3, May-June, 221-243.

Brooks-Gordon, Belinda. (2005). Clients and Commercial Sex: Reflections on Paying the Price: A Consultation Paper on Prostitution. Criminal Law Review: 425-443.

Brooks-Gordon, Belinda. (2006). Understanding sexual ‘demand’. Chapter 4 in The Price of Sex: Prostitution, Policy, and Society. Portland, Oregon: Willan Publishing.

Busch, N. B., Bell, H., Hotaling, N., and Monto, M. A. (2002) Male Customers of Prostituted Women: Exploring Perceptions of Entitlement to power and Control and Implications for Violent Behavior toward Women. Violence Against Women, 8(9): 1093–1112.

Campbell, R. (1998). Invisible Men: Making Visible Male Clients of Female Prostitutes in Merseyside. In J. Elias, V. Bullough, V. Elias and G. Brewer (eds) Prostitution. On Whores, Hustlers and Johns, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 155-171.

Carael, M., Slaymaker, E., Lyerla, R., & Sarkar, S. (2006). Clients of Sex Workers in Different Regions of the World: Hard to Count. Sexually transmitted infections, 82(suppl 3), iii26-iii33.

Carpenter, Belinda. (1998). The Prostitute and the Client: Challenging the Dualisms. Women’s Studies International Forum, 21(4), July-August.

Church, S., Henderson, M., Barnard, M., & Hart, G. (2001). Violence by Clients toward Female Prostitutes in Different Work Settings: Questionnaire Survey. Br Med J, 322. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7285.524

Coughlan, E., A. Mindel, and C. Estcourt. (2001). Male Clients of Female Commercial Sex Workers: HIV, STDs and risk behaviour. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 12, pp. 665-669.

Coy, M. (2008). The consumer, the consumed and the commodity: Women and sex buyers talk about objectification in prostitution. Demanding sex: Critical reflections on the regulation of prostitution, 181-198.

Coy, M. (2008). The consumer, the consumed and the commodity: Women and sex buyers talk about objectification in prostitution. In V. Munro & M. Della Giusta (Eds.), Demanding sex: Critical reflections on the regulation of prostitution (pp. 181–198). London: Routledge.

Coy, M., Horvath, M.A.H. & Kelly, L. (2012). Troubling notions of male entitlement: Men consuming, boasting and confessing about paying for sex. In M.Coy (ed). Prostitution, harm and gender inequality: Theory, Research and policy. Surrey, Ashgate.

Coy, Maddy, Miranda Horvath, and Liz Kelly. (2007). ‘It’s just like going to the supermarket’: Men buying sex in East London. Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University.

Daniels, A. J. (2012). Men who buy sex and their attitudes toward women in prostitution: “Prostitutes don’t have feelings”. Palo Alto University.

Decker, M. R., Miller, E., Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Donta, B., & Silverman, J. G. (2010). Indian men's use of commercial sex workers: prevalence, condom use, and related gender attitudes. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 53(2), 240.

Della Giusta, M., Di Tommaso, M. L., & Jewell, S. L. (2017). Stigma and Risky Behaviors among Male Clients of Sex Workers in the UK. Feminist Economics, 23(3), 23-48. doi:10.1080/13545701.2016.1203453

Della Giusta, M., Di Tommaso, M. L., Shima, I., & Strøm, S. (2009). What money buys: clients of street sex workers in the US. Applied Economics, 41(18), 2261-2277.

Earle, S., & Sharpe, K. (2008). Intimacy, pleasure and the men who pay for sex: Willan.

Earle, Sarah, and Keith Sharp. (2007). Sex in Cyberspace: Men Who Pay for Sex. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing.

Egan, Danielle. (2006). Dancing for Dollars and Paying for Love: The Relationships between Exotic Dancers and Their Regulars. Palgrave Macmillan.
Contents;
Introduction: Dancing for Dollars and Paying for Love.
Ending Up In A Place Like This: Mapping the Social Cartographies of the Clubs.
Inside and Outside the Exotic Dance Club: Subjective Modalities and Their Slippage.
“I am a Dancer and a Feminist:” Liminal Experiences and Feminist Empowerment.
Desiring Subjects and Fantasy Objects: Exploring Lack and Power.
Looking for Love in All the Wrong Places: Regulars, Love and Masochism.
Conclusion: What We Can Learn from Exotic Dancers.
Appendix: Methodology.

Farley, M. (2007) “Renting an Organ for 10 minutes”: What Tricks Tell us about Prostitution, Pornography, and Trafficking. Pornography: Driving the Demand for International Sex Trafficking. Los Angeles: Captive Daughters Media.

Farley, M., Becker, T., Cotton, A., Sawyer, S, Fitzgerald, L. Jensen, R. (1998) Attitudes toward prostitution scale: College students’ responses compared to responses of arrested johns. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, Washington, D.C., USA.

Fleming, P.J., Barrington, C., Gottert, A., Perez, M., Donastorg, Y., Moya, M., Gonzalez, N., Kerrigan, D. (July 20-25, 2014). Masculine gender role strain and HIV-related behaviors among male steady partners of female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic. Poster presentation at the XX International AIDS Conference, Melbourne, Australia.

Ford, K., D.N. Wirawan, and P. Muliawan. (2002). Social influence, AIDS/STD knowledge, and condom use among male clients of female sex worker in Bali. AIDS Education & Prevention, 14(6): 496-504.

Frank, Katherine. (2002). G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip club regulars and male desire. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Frank, Katherine. (2003). “Just Trying to Relax”: Masculinity, masculinizing practices, and strip club regulars. Journal of Sex Research, 40(1), February, pp. 61-75.

Frank, Katherine. (2005). Exploring the motivations and fantasies of strip club customers in relation to legal regulations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(5): 487-504.

George, Carrie. (year?). Deconstructing The Demand for Prostitution Further Insights: A Comparison of Men Who Purchase Sex Indoors Versus Outdoors. Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation (CAASE).

Groom, T. M., and R. Nandwani. (2006) Characteristics of men who pay for sex: a UK sexual health clinic survey. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82: 364–367.

Grov, C., Wolff, M., Smith, M. D., Koken, J., & Parsons, J. T. (2014). Male clients of male escorts: satisfaction, sexual behavior, and demographic characteristics. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(7), 827-837.

Hammond, N., & van Hooff, J. (2019). “This Is Me, This Is What I Am, I Am a Man”: The Masculinities of Men Who Pay for Sex with Women. The Journal of Sex Research, 1-14.

Holt, T. J., & Blevins, K. R. (2007). Examining sex work from the client's perspective: Assessing johns using on-line data. Deviant Behavior, 28(4), 333-354.

Holzman, Harold, and Sharon Pines. (1982). Buying Sex: The Phenomenology of Being a John. Deviant Behavior 4:89-116.

Horswill, A., & Weitzer, R. (2018). Becoming a client: The socialization of novice buyers of sexual services. Deviant Behavior, 39(2), 148-158.

Hsieh, C.-S., Kovářík, J., & Logan, T. (2014). How central are clients in sexual networks created by commercial sex? Scientific reports, 4.

Huff, A. D. (2011). Buying the girlfriend experience: An exploration of the consumption experiences of male customers of escorts. Research in consumer behavior, 13, 111-126.

Huynh, A., Khan, S., Nair, S., Chevrier, C., Roger, K., Isac, S., . . . Lorway, R. (2019). Intervening in Masculinity: Work, Relationships and Violence among the Intimate Partners of Female Sex Workers in South India. Critical Public Health, 29(2), 156-167. 10.1080/09581596.2018.1444266

Huynh, A., Khan, S., Nair, S., Chevrier, C., Roger, K., Isac, S., . . . Lorway, R. (2018). Intervening in Masculinity: Work, Relationships and Violence among the Intimate Partners of Female Sex Workers in South India. Critical Public Health, 1-12.

Huysamen, M. (2016). Constructing the ‘Respectable’client and the ‘Good’ researcher: The Complex Dynamics of Cross-Gender Interviews with Men Who Pay for Sex. NORMA, 11(1), 19-33.

Huysamen, M. (2018). A critical analysis of men's constructions of paying for sex: Doing gender, doing race in the interview context (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town).Huysamen, M. (2018). A Critical Analysis of Men's Constructions of Paying for Sex: Doing Gender, Doing Race in the Interview Context. University of Cape Town.  

Huysamen, M. (2018). A Critical Analysis of Men’s Constructions of Paying for Sex: Doing Gender, Doing Race in the Interview Context. University of Cape Town.  

Huysamen, M. (2018). Queering the ‘straight’ line: men’s talk on paying for sex. Journal of Gender Studies, 1-12.

Huysamen, M. (2019). “There’s Massive Pressure to Please Her”: On the Discursive Production of Men’s Desire to Pay for Sex. The Journal of Sex Research, 1-11.

Huysamen, M., & Boonzaier, F. (2015). Men’s constructions of masculinity and male sexuality through talk of buying sex. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(5), 541-554.

Jones, Z. K. (2013). “Emotional Landscapes” and the Value of Sex: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Sex Workers’ Clients.

Jordan, Jan. (1997). User Pays: Why Men Buy Sex. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 30(1): 55-71.

Joseph, L. J., & Black, P. (2012). Who’s the Man? Fragile Masculinities, Consumer Masculinities, and the Profiles of Sex Work Clients. Men and Masculinities, 15(5), 486-506.

Jovanovski, N., & Tyler, M. (2018). “Bitch, You Got What You Deserved!”: Violation and Violence in Sex Buyer Reviews of Legal Brothels. Violence Against Women, 24(16), 1887-1908.

Karandikar, S., & Prospero, M. (year?). From Client to Pimp: Male Violence Against Female Sex Workers. J Interpers Violence, 25(2), 257-273. doi:10.1177/0886260509334393

Katsulis, Y. (2010). “Living Like a King”: Conspicuous Consumption, Virtual Communities, and the Social Construction of Paid Sexual Encounters by US Sex Tourists. Men and Masculinities, 13(2), 210-230.

Kingston, S. (2009). Community perceptions of men who buy sex from women.

Kinnell, H. (2006). Clients of Female Sex Workers: Men or Monsters? In R. Campbell and M. O’Neill (eds) Sex Work Now, Cullumpton:Willan. pp. 212-262.

Klein, Carolin, M. Alexis Kennedy, and Boris B. Gorzalka. (2009). Rape myth acceptance in men who completed the prostitution offender program of British Columbia. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(3): 305-315.

Kulick, Don. (2003). Sex in the New Europe. Anthropological Theory, Vol. 3, No. 2, 199-218.

Kulick, Don. (2005). Four Hundred Thousand Swedish Perverts. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 11(2).

Louie, R., N. Crofts, P. Pyett, and J. Snow (1998). Project Client Call: Men Who Pay For Sex in Victoria. Mc Farlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research.

Lowman, J., and C. Atchison. (2006). Men Who Buy Sex: A Survey in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. Canadian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 43(3): 281-296.

Macleod, Jan, Melissa Farley, Lynn Anderson, and Jacqueline Golding. (2008). Challenging Men’s Demand for Prostitution in Scotland: A research report based on interviews with 110 men who bought women in prostitution in Scotland. Glasgow: Women’s Support Project, Prostitution Research & Education.

Malarek, Victor. (2009). The Johns: Sex for Sale and the Men Who Buy It. KeyPorter Books.

Mansson, S. A. (2004) Men’s Practices in Prostitution and Their Implications for Social Work. In S. A. Mansson and C. Proveyer (editors) Social Work in Cuba and Sweden: Achievements and Prospects.

Mansson, S. A. (2006) Men’s Practices in Prostitution: The Case of Sweden. In Bob Pease and Keith Pringle (eds. ) A Man’s World? Changing Men’s Practices in a Globalized World. London: Zed Books.

Marttila, Anne-Maria. (2003). Consuming Sex: Finnish male clients and Baltic prostitution. Paper to Gender and Power in the New Europe: 5th European Feminist Research Conference, Lund University, Sweden, August 20-24.

Marttila, Anne-Maria. (2008). Desiring the ‘Other’: Prostitution Clients on a Transnational Red-Light District in the Border Area of Finland, Estonia and Russia. Gender Technology and Development, 12(1): 31-51.

McKeganey, Neil, and Marina Barnard. (1996). Sex Work on the Streets: Prostitutes and Their Clients. Open University Press.

McKeganey, Neil. (1994) Why do men buy sex and what are their assessments of the HIV-related risks when they do? AIDS Care, Vol 6 (5): 289–301.

Milrod, C., & Monto, M. (2017). Older Male Clients of Female Sex Workers in the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1867-1876. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0733-3

Milrod, C., & Weitzer, R. (2012). The intimacy prism: Emotion management among the clients of escorts. Men and Masculinities, 15(5), 447-467. doi:10.1177/1097184X12452148

Milrod, C., & Weitzer, R. (2012). The intimacy prism: Emotion management among the clients of escorts. Men and Masculinities, 15(5), 447–467.

Minichiello V, Marino R, Browne J, Jamieson M, Peterson K, Reuter B, Robinson K. (1999). A Profile of the Clients of Male Sex Workers in Three Australian Cities. Aust N Z J Public Health, Oct; 23(5): 511-8

Monto, M. A., & Milrod, C. (2014). Ordinary or peculiar men? Comparing the customers of prostitutes with a nationally representative sample of men. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 58(7), 802-820.

Monto, M., & Milrod, C. (2020). Perceptions of provider power among sex buyers. Sexualities, 23(4), 630-644. doi:10.1177/1363460719831977

Monto, M., & Milrod, C. Perceptions of Provider Power among Sex Buyers. Sexualities, 0(0), 1363460719831977. 10.1177/1363460719831977

Monto, Martin A. (1998). Holding Men Accountable for Prostitution. Violence Against Women 4:4:505-517.

Monto, Martin A. (2000). Why Men Seek Out Prostitutes. In R.Weitzer, ed. Sex for Sale. Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry. New York: Routledge. Pp. 67-83.

Monto, Martin A., and N. Hotaling (2001). Predictors of Rape Myth Acceptance Among Male Clients of Female Street Prostitutes. Violence Against Women, 7(3), 275-293.

Monto, Martin A., and N. McRee. (2005) A Comparison of the Male Customers of Female Street Prostitutes With National Samples of Men. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49: 505–529.

Moore, Susan. (1999). Characteristics, Attitudes and Risk Behaviours of Australian Men Who Visit Female Sex Workers. Venereology, 12(1).

Ngugi, E., Benoit, C., Hallgrimsdottir, H., Jansson, M., & Roth, E. A. (2011). Partners and clients of female sex workers in an informal urban settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 14(1), 17-30. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.608436

O’Neill, Maggie. (2001). The City, Masculinity and the Social Organization of Desire: Pimps and Punters. In Prostitution and Feminism: Towards a politics of feeling. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press;; Malden, MA: Blackwell (pp. 154-182).

Ompad, D. C., Bell, D. L., Amesty, S., Nyitray, A. G., Papenfuss, M., Lazcano-Ponce, E., . . . Giuliano, A. R. (2013). Men who purchase sex, who are they? An interurban comparison. Journal of Urban Health, 90(6), 1166-1180.

Ondrášek, S., Řimnáčová, Z., & Kajanova, A. (2018). “It’s also a kind of adrenalin competition” – selected aspects of the sex trade as viewed by clients. Human Affairs, 28(1), 24-33.Peled, E., Shilo, G., Marom, Y. M., & Eick, U. (2020). The Attitudes Toward Men Who Pay for Sex Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1-13.

 Perkins, Roberta. (1999). ‘How Much Are You Love?’ The Customer in the Australian Sex Industry. Social Alternatives, 18(3): 38-47.

Pitts, Marian K., Anthony M.A. Smith, Jeffrey Grierson, Mary O’Brien, and Sebastian Misson. (2004). Who Pays for Sex and Why? An Analysis of Social and Motivational Factors Associated with Male Clients of Sex Workers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 33, Issue 4, Aug 2004, Pages 353-358.

Plumridge, E. W., Chetwynd, S. J., Reed, A. (1997a) Control and condoms in commercial sex: client perspectives. Sociology of Health & Illness, 19 (2): 228–243.

Plumridge, E.W., Chetwynd, S.J., Reed, A, & Gifford, S.J. (1997b). Discourses of Emotionality in Commercial Sex: The Missing Client Voice. Feminism & Psychology, 7(2), 165-181.

Plumridge, E.W., S.J. Chetwynd, A. Reed, and S.M. Gifford (1997). Patrons of the Sex Industry: Perceptions of Risk. AIDS Care, 8(4), 405-416.

Prior, A., & Peled, E. (2019). Paying for sex while traveling as tourists: The experiences of Israeli men. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(4-5), 659-669.

Pruitt, M. V., & Krull, A. C. (2010). Escort advertisements and male patronage of prostitutes. Deviant Behavior, 32(1), 38-63.

Rachel Durchslag, A.M., and Samir Goswami. (2008). Deconstructing the Demand for Prostitution: Preliminary Insights from Interviews with Chicago Men Who Purchase Sex. Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, Chicago, Illinois, May.

Regushevskaya, E., Haavio-Mannila, E., & Hemminki, E. (2013). Sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes of men buying sex in Finland. Scandinavian journal of public health, 41(7), 729-736.

Richters, J., de Visser, R. O., Badcock, P. B., Smith, A. M., Rissel, C., Simpson, J. M., & Grulich, A. E. (2014). Masturbation, Paying for Sex, and Other Sexual Activities: The Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships. Sexual Health, 11(5), 461-471.

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Roberts, J. M. and D. D. Brewer (2006). Estimating the prevalence of male clients of prostitute women in Vancouver with a simple capture-recapture method. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 169(4): 745-756.

Roe-Sepowitz, D., Bontrager Ryon, S., Hickle, K., Gallagher, J. M., & Hedberg, E. (2016). Invisible offenders: estimating online sex customers. Journal of Human Trafficking, 2(4), 272-280.

Roe-Sepowitz, D., Bontrager, S., Pickett, J. T., & Kosloski, A. E. (2019). Estimating the sex buying behavior of adult males in the United States: List experiment and direct question estimates. Journal of Criminal Justice, 63, 41-48.

Rosario-Sanchez, R. (2016). The construction of masculinity in the online communities where men talk about their experiences as buyers in the sex trade. Masters thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Retrieved from https ://ir.libra ry.orego nstat e.edu/conce rn/gradu ate_thesi s_or_disse rtati ons/5h73p z48r. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.

Sanders, T. (2008). Male Sexual Scripts: Intimacy, Sexuality and Pleasure in the Purchase of Commercial Sex. Sociology, 42(3): 400-417.

Sanders, Teela. (2008). Paying for Pleasure: Men who buy sex. Willan.

Sawyer, Steven, Michael E. Metz, Jeffrey D. Hinds, and Robert A. Brucker Jr. (2001-2002). Attitudes towards prostitution among males: A “consumers’ report”. Current Psychology, Vol. 20 Iss. 4.

Scott, J., Callander, D., & Minichiello, V. (2014). Clients of male sex workers. Male sex work and society, 151-177.

Seib, C., Dunne, M. P., Fischer, J., & Najman, J. M. (2010). Commercial sexual practices before and after legalization in Australia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(4), 979-989.

Shaw, Ronnie. (2001). Fantasy Voyages: An exploration of white males’ participation in the Costa Rican sex tourism industry. Berkeley McNair Research Journal, Winter, Vol. 9.

Simmons, C. A., P. Lehmann, and S. Collier-Tenison (2008). Linking Male Use of the Sex Industry to Controlling Behaviors in Violent Relationships: An Exploratory Analysis. Violence Against Women, 14(4): 406-417.

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Sycamore, Matt Bernstein. (ed). (2000). Tricks and Treats: Sex Workers Write About Their Clients. Haworth Press.

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Ward, H., Mercer, C., Wellings, K., Fenton, K., Erens, B., Copas, A., & Johnson, A. (2005). Who Pays for Sex? An Analysis of the Increasing Prevalence of Female Commercial Sex Contacts among Men in Britain. Sexually transmitted infections, 81(6), 467-471.

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